Hewlett Packard: Porters Five Forces, SWOT and PEST

Leading Through Service free essay sample

At the point when one thinks about a pioneer, the picture that is evoked would in all probability be somebody who can order others; a visionary whose thoughts can change the course of mankind's history. They should be appealling, aggressive, pioneering, determined, and numerous different characteristics that are frequently elusive in a person. These characteristics are nothing to look downward on; actually, on the off chance that somebody had the option to copy these characteristics, they would make an incredible pioneer without a doubt. Be that as it may, having the option to make individuals devote themselves completely to activity at a word isn't the main trait of being a pioneer; one likewise needs compassion and selflessness. One pioneer who has motivated me since a youthful age is Harriet Tubman, nicknamed Moses. She was an African American slave in Maryland, who ran away to Pennsylvania in 1849. This was an opportunity for Tubman to be liberated from bondage always, and to be her own â€Å"owner†, however she decided to utilize her opportunity to enable different captives to acquire the freedom that she had found. Over a range of ten years, Tubman liberated 300 slaves, and had the option to gladly say that she had never lost a solitary traveler (Harriet Tubman). Tubman was one of the key orchestrators of the Underground Railroad, giving her life to abolitionism since she knew firsthand the hardships that the African American slaves needed to persevere. Despite the fact that Tubman was doing this for the prosperity of others, she was uncompromising with her travelers, and would even undermine passing on the off chance that they gave indications of needing to come back to their manor. This mix of sympathy and assurance was what made individuals need to follow Tubman; that, alongside the way that they had the option to confide in her. Each time Tubman made an outing back toward the South, she was taking a chance with her own life in light of the fact that there was a remarkable compensation for her catch. This danger, notwithstanding, didn't prevent Tubman from safeguarding her individual slaves, and guaranteeing them the opportunity she herself had contended so energetically to have. Subsequent to hearing Harriet Tubman’s story of benevolence and energy, I discovered that being a pioneer isn't just about bossing individuals around and causing them to feel uselessâ€it is tied in with putting the security of others before one’s own and doing everything inside one’s capacity to guarantee that the objective is met. When I comprehended those attributes, I attempted to impersonate Tubman’s authority style in my own influential positions. Rather than advising individual understudies to forfeit their opportunity to offer back to the network, I was the first to chip in at all the school occasions. Rather than voicing my interests about the obscenities that I heard in the lobbies, I ensured that nobody would hear my voice blended in with the others. Rather than demonstrating scorn for the individuals who didn't invest energy into their school work, I would essentially support them while continually investing a ton of energy into my own. Despi te the fact that on occasion it was difficult to show others how its done, and now and again I got baffled when individuals would not tail me, I noticed a change in a considerable lot of my cohorts when they focused on my activities. Like Harriet Tubman, my sort of authority isn't tied in with ordering the individuals from aboveâ€it is tied in with directing them from inside. Living in China gave me open doors for administration that would be uncommon in North America. I had the option to visit the poor out in the open country and give school supplies to kids; I had the option to help reconstruct halfway houses and play with kids who had nobody. Above all, I had the option to instruct English to understudies who might always have been unable to manage the cost of exercises being educated by a local English speaker. Instructing requires the sort of authority that I gained from Harriet Tubman: educators penance their time in the study hall, yet in addition after school by coaching, evaluating, and making arrangements for future exercises; instructors need to instruct as indicated by the students’ capacities, not at their own pace; educators are understanding and help understudies at whatever point they are capable; lastly, educators push understudies to satisfy their latent capacity. Being an educator, for me, was an incredible benefit, and gave prob ably the best recollections I have of cooperating with the nearby Chinese people group. On occasion, being a pioneer can be tiring; there might be snags to survive, issues to determine, and connections to retouch. At the point when these issues emerge, it is useful to have characteristic inspiration to prop things up. By and by, my inspiration is attempting to permit individuals to have a superior possibility throughout everyday life, with the goal that they can become pioneers themselves. By being a decent pioneer, and showing others how its done, I am ready to show individuals the attributes of a decent pioneer, and am ready to motivate them to follow my lead. This reasoning is the thing that has inspired me, not exclusively to lead, however to serve others at the same time, and to do as well as can be expected in all everyday issues. My natural inspiration isn't the main viewpoint crediting to my longing to lead; my confidence likewise has a huge influence in that. In Philippians 2:3-5, Paul composes: Do nothing out of egotistical desire or vain pride. Or maybe, in lowliness esteem others above yourselves, not looking to your own advantage however every one of you to the enthusiasm of the others. In your associations with each other, have a similar attitude as Christ Jesus. (NIV) In this entry, Paul doubtlessly diagrams what a decent pioneer ought to do: a great chief should act to the greatest advantage of others, humble themselves before others, and treat others as they themselves would need to be dealt with. These rules appear to be moderately simple in principle, yet are hard to try, particularly when obstructions emerge. At the point when this occurs and I feel disheartened, I think that its supportive to peruse from the Bible where stories are recounted other people who confronted similar obstructions. Noah, Joseph, Moses, Joshua, Peter, and Paul are only a portion of the pioneers in the Bible who drove by serving, paying little mind to the results or the difficulties they needed to confront. Perusing their accounts, I am ready to discover the mental fortitude to follow Jesus, and, similar to him, lead by setting others before myself. Showing others how its done is a quality that everybody ought to have, and if that were thus, the world would work all the more serenely. By the by, different characteristics of authority are significant too. Expressly, during my time at CMU, I might want to figure out how to lead with power and control, while simultaneously not losing the qualities of initiative that I as of now have. A genuinely extraordinary pioneer envelops a parity of the two sides, and can utilize either strategy at the suitable time. I accept that to turn into an instructor, the calling that I plan to set myself up for at CMU, one must be an incredible pioneer, and have the option to forfeit one’s assets to benefit others. Extraordinary pioneers must resemble Jesus, and spot themselves in the situation of a worker so as to improve the nature of somebody else’s life. It is just through serving that we can really observe what being a pioneer is about.

How to Figure Out Exactly What to Charge for Your Freelance Work

How to Figure Out Exactly What to Charge for Your Freelance Work Mark and Dan are highly skilled freelance writers. Both of them make $5,000 per month on average. Their skill levels and the quality of their work are at par.Yet, there is a huge difference in their lifestyles.Mark works 60+ hours every week, with his time divided between several clients.He barely gets time to spend with his family. The last vacation he took was three years ago. There is simply no time for such things. He knows he has to sacrifice such luxuries in order earn a decent income.Dan’s lifestyle is the complete opposite of Mark’s. Mark only works 25 hours each week, with his time divided between just two clients.Working only 25 hours a week, he has ample time to spend with his young kids. He even has time to take a one month long vacation every year. Dan is actually living the freelancer’s dream!How is it even possible for two freelance writers with equal skills and equal quality of work to have such different lifestyles?The answer lies in their pricing strategies. M ark believes that freelancing is a competitive industry, and therefore his charges low rates in order to attract more clients. This means that he has to put in a lot of time in his work in order to earn a decent income.Dan, on the other hand, knows the value of his work. Instead of pricing his services competitively, he charges premium rates for his services.With his higher rates, he gets higher quality clients and only has to work a few hours each day to sustain himself and his family.In the last couple of years, freelancing has become an attractive working model, and a huge number of people are ditching full time employment in favor of freelancing.By 2016, 35% of the US workforce were freelancers, with the number set to hit 42% by 2020. Freelancing gives you the freedom to choose your own schedule, be your own boss, and choose the kind of projects you want to work on.Despite its benefits, most professionals who switch to freelancing find themselves with one huge challenge â€" how to price their services.With freelancing, there is no guaranteed monthly income. You can make thousands of dollars one month and make nothing the following month. You are responsible for costs like your health insurance, taxes and licenses.You are also responsible for other costs associated with running your freelance business, such as purchase of equipment and materials, marketing, and so on.All these are factors you need to put into consideration when coming up with your freelance rates, and if you are just starting out, it can all be a bit confusing.Because of this, most new freelancers experience a moment of dread and anxiety when a client asks the following question: “So, how much do you charge for your services?”THE TWO MAJOR PRICING MODELS FOR FREELANCERS As a freelancer, there are two major pricing models that you can use for you services â€" hourly pricing and project based (fixed) pricing.Hourly PricingThis is the most common method for freelancers who are just startin g out, because this model is quite simplistic. With this method, you come up with an hourly rate for your work and then multiply that by the number of hours you will spend doing the work.You can use different methods to come up with your hourly rate.My preferred method for setting an hourly rate is to first decide the amount of money you want to earn in a year and then divide it by the number of billable hours you will spend working.For instance, if you want to earn $60,000 dollars a year, that means you should earn $5,000 each month. If you intend to work for 40 billable hours each week, then you need to charge $125 per hour.In this case, if a client gives you a project that takes you ten hours, you would then charge them $1,250 for the project. A good way of making the hourly pricing model work well for you and the client is to use time tracking software to track the amount of time you spend working on the client’s project.Hourly pricing is a good model you do not know how long the project is going to take you. For instance, if the client is not very sure of the scope of the project, meaning that there will be change of plans and numerous revisions, the hourly pricing keeps you protected.Even if some work is halted midway and has to be redone, you still get paid for the work you put in.Similarly, if you are offering a new service and cannot make an accurate estimate for how long it is going to take you, hourly pricing is the best option for you. This is why most freelancers who are just starting out might prefer using this model.Unfortunately, the hourly pricing model is limiting. As you become more experienced and better at your work, you will generally become more efficient. You start utilizing better tools and systems, you learn a few shortcuts here and there, you learn new tricks, and so on.As a result, you become faster in your work.You start doing in a few hours something that would initially take you a whole day. The quality of your work also improv es. With the hourly pricing model, this becomes a disadvantage for you. Despite becoming more efficient in your work and producing a higher quality of work, you start earning less because you spend less time doing the work.In addition, you need to realize that clients don’t generally pay you for the amount of hours you work. In most cases, clients pay you for the value you provide. They don’t care if something takes you thirty minutes or ten hours, so long as it is done by the time they want it and that it satisfies their needs.By charging an hourly rate, you limit yourself â€" there is only so much you can justify charging per hour.However, by switching to a project based pricing model, you can charge much higher rates, not based on the amount of time spent on the project, but by the value you provide.Most clients won’t have a problem paying higher rates so long as the quality of your work is proportionate to your rates.Project-Based (Fixed) PricingWith this model, the freela ncer charges a fixed rate for the entire project. With this model, instead of basing your fee on the number of hours spent working, your fee is based on the end result that you deliver, which is what the client cares about anyway.This is my preferred pricing model, because with this model, you don’t have to worry about earning less by becoming more efficient. This model allows you to earn more while working less.When coming up with a fixed rate fee for your service, there are two things you need to consider. The first one is the amount of work that needs to be done. It is good not to confuse the amount of work that needs to be done with the time spent doing the work.For example, if you are a web designer, your client might need a website with a number of features. Setting up some of these features might be an automated process that takes you no time, but you should still factor it in your pricing since it is a service that actually needs to be done.In this case, you would be charg ing for your knowledge, not for the time spent doing the work.The second thing you need to consider when setting your fixed rate fee is the actual value you are delivering for the client. To do this, you need to be aware how exactly your service helps your clients.For instance, if you are a freelance copywriter and you know that your copy will help the client bring in $100,000 in sales, it would be very easy to justify a $1000 fee for creating ad copy. By showing clients the potential ROI for your services, you stand at a better position to command higher rates for your services.FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN DETERMINING EXACTLY WHAT TO CHARGE FOR YOUR SERVICESOver the course of my freelancing career, I have come to the conclusion that the best approach when it comes to your freelance rates is to remain flexible. Regardless of the pricing model you opt to work with, you stand to gain more by adjusting your rates to the client and their specific project.It doesn’t make much sense chargin g a huge multinational company the same rates you would charge a one man startup.Similarly, it doesn’t make much sense charging the same rates for an overly creative project that requires specific knowledge as you would charge for a general, straightforward project that can be done by anyone within your industry.In spite of this flexibility, there are a number of factors and criteria you need to keep in mind when coming up with your rates. These include:Your Living And Business ExpensesWhen on full time employment, most of the costs of running the business are taken care of by your employer. Once you decide to freelance, you will have to cater for all these costs and expenses from your pocket.Therefore, you have to put these costs and expenses into consideration when setting a rate for your services. In particular, you need to think about costs such as hosting for your website, subscriptions for any business tools and services you are going to use, internet, telephone and other ut ility costs, travel expenses if your work requires traveling, office equipment like computers, business insurance and licensing fees, and professional membership fees, taxes, and marketing and advertising costs.In addition, you should make sure that your rates allow you to earn enough to cover your living expenses.How Much The Client Is Willing To Pay I mentioned earlier that the best approach is to charge different rates to different clients. For you to do this, you have to be able to evaluate how much the client is expecting to pay for a service.Let’s consider a situation where you have two clients with similar projects.However, there is a difference between the two clients. One client is the proprietor of startup. This client funded the startup from his own pocket, and therefore does not have a huge budget to play with. His budget for the project is $4,000 $5,000. After discussing the project with the client, you realize that you can do it profitably for $5,000.The other clien t is the executive of a huge multinational company with deep pockets. Their budget for the project is $10,000 $15,000. Since the two projects are similar, should you charge both of them $5,000?Charging the multinational the same figure you charged the startup can be bad for your business, and here is why.The executive from the multinational did not just wake up and randomly pick the $10,000 $15,000 budget. They probably did some research about the project and concluded that the kind of service they require is within that price range.Such clients know the kind of work they want and they have no problem forking out a large sum of money to get it. By giving them a quote that is way below their budget, you might be unwittingly sending the message that your work is not worth what they have in mind.The multinational might pass you over, not because you are not qualified, but because they don’t want to take their chances on a cheap freelancer who might end up delivering subpar work.A g ood way to find what the client is willing to pay is to simply ask them if they have a budget for the project. This provides you with a rough idea of what the client might be willing to pay for your services.However, some clients will not be so willing to disclose their budget.Another way of estimating what a client might be willing to pay is to find out as much as you can about the client. What kind of organization does he or she represent? Is it a startup, a non-profit, or a larger organization?Visit their website and do some research about the organization.In most cases, I find that the larger the organization, the more likely they are to be willing to part with a higher amount.Finally, you should also consider the type of work the client requires. The bigger and more demanding a client’s project is, the higher the fee you should demand for it.What Value Are You Providing To The Client?It does not make much sense to charge a client $100 for a service that will help them make or save $10,000, does it? To make sure you are getting the most out of your work, you should consider its value to the client. What does the client stand to gain from your work?Value is directly tied to a problem.What problem is the client trying to solve using your service?To use value as a factor in your pricing, it is good to try and gain as much information as possible about the client’s problem. Is the client trying to make or save money? If so, how much will they make or serve once you provide your service?You should keep in mind that value differs from client to client, which further justifies why you need to adjust your rates depending on the client and their project.Let’s go back to our earlier example to see how this works. Let’s assume that the project that both of them wanted was a website where they could showcase their products and respond to customer enquiries.The first client, being a startup, might be trying to get their first few clients. They figure that with a website, they might increase their revenue by $15,000 $20,000. In this case, charging them $5,000 is sensible because they know they will recoup their money. This client would not be willing to pay $10,000 for the website, since the ROI on the website would not be much.On the other hand, the multinational company might have realized that they are losing over $100,000 in potential sales because they don’t have a website. Therefore, this client will have no problem forking out $15,000 for the website because it will bring in a lot more value for them.The more you can emphasize the value of your service to the client, the higher your earning potential.Your ExperienceAnother thing you need to consider when setting your freelance rates is your expertise and experience. As a freelancer, clients might not have the same confidence in you as they might have in companies or agencies.Clients do not know what you can do and might consider working with you as a gamble. Therefore, if you are just starting out, you might need to charge lower for your services as you build a portfolio and find your first few clients.However, once you have built a persuasive portfolio and increased your expertise, you can charge higher fees. With a portfolio, you give clients the confidence that you will actually deliver since they can already see examples of your work.You should also keep in mind that, as a freelancer, you are selling your specialized skills and knowledge. It therefore makes sense for you to charge higher rates as you continue improving your skills and expertise.Don’t Use Price As A Marketing StrategyOne of the biggest mistakes I have seen freelancers make when deciding what to charge for their work is using price as a marketing strategy. They assume that clients go for the cheapest freelancers, and they therefore price their services competitively thinking that they will attract more clients.Spoiler alert!This strategy does not work.Using low prices as your key strate gy for attracting clients is ineffective because there will always be someone charging less than you. Freelancers who follow this route find themselves in a quick race to the bottom.With this strategy, you won’t earn enough to sustain yourself, and you will end up slaving all the time to make ends up, taking you further away from the freedom you were seeking by becoming a freelancer.In addition, clients know that they get what they pay for. Good clients avoid cheap freelancers because they know the quality of work will be cheap as well. This is why freelancers who try to compete based on price end up with the worst clients who are trying to get the most for least.The best clients who value your work are not primarily looking for a good deal. They are looking for a competent freelancer who will do what they want and do it well. They have no problem paying high prices to get the quality of work they want.By pricing yourself too low, you are basically signaling to these clients that you are not a high quality freelancer.Look at it this way, if you went to buy an iPhone X and found one going for $250, would you buy it?At that price, you would assume it’s a knock off and leave it. The same counts for your work. This does not mean that you should charge an insanely high figure for your services either. Your freelance rate should not be about how much money you can get from the client.It should be about how much value you can offer your clients. The quality of your work should be able to justify whatever amount you decide to charge for your services.WRAPPING UPThere are no hard and fast rules about how to figure out exactly what to charge for your freelance work. The best approach is to have flexible rates depending on your client and their project.There is nothing wrong with charging different rates to different clients.However, before you answer the question “how much do you charge for your services?” make sure that you have considered all the factors discu ssed above.Finally, you should not be afraid to experiment a bit until you figure out a price point that works best for you and your clients.

Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008 How It Happened And Find...

In my essay I am going to discuss what the credit crunch actually is; how it happened and find out the reasons of it. To begin with I would like to mention what the credit crunch actually is. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global FinÐ °ncial Crisis, is cÐ ¾nsidered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professÐ ¾r of economics and international business at New York UnivÐ µrsity, Kenneth Rogoff, professÐ ¾r of econÐ ¾mics and public policy at HÐ °rvard University, and Nariman Behravesh, chief economist and executive vicÐ µ prÐ µsident for IHS Global Insight, tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve bÐ µen the wÐ ¾rst financial crisis since the GrÐ µat Depression of the 1930s. All of them agrÐ µÃ µd that this is a â€Å"one in fifty years event†, hÐ ¾wever the latest Great†¦show more content†¦(Lecture 2, Law of Commerce, Investment and Banking). For example, Martin Wolf wrote in 2009: ...an enormous part of what banks did in the early part of th is decade – the off-balance-sheet vehicles, the derivatives and the shadow banking system itself – was to find a way round regulation. (Wolf M., 2009). Off balance sheet financing made it possible for firms to look less leveraged and allowed them to borrow at cheaper rates. (Simkovic M., 2009). Analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York showed that big banks hide their risk levels just prior to opening data quarterly to the public. (Kelly K., McGinty T., Fitzpatrick D., 2010). From this moment it is possible to ask the question: What did regulators do at that moment? Critics have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Several critics have argued that the most critical role for regulation is to make sure that financial in stitutions have the ability or capital to deliver on their commitments. Another critics have also noted de facto deregulation through a shift in market share toward the least regulated portions of the mortgage market. (Simkovic M., 2011). In overall, regulatory system makes bad impression as it seems not working properly. Author RogerShow MoreRelatedAlexander Hamilton Proposed Using A Banking System1707 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Hamilton proposed using a banking system in America in 1781 after seeing how beneficial they were in other nations for advancing trade. In 1791, First Bank of the United States became the first commercial bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By the 1900’s, there were almost 170 banks per every million people in the United States, but because of this, there was a lot of debate about banking and the regulations needed and the fears that people had about the amount of controlRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of The Fiscal Crisis1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2007-2008 financial crisis is seen as one of the biggest failure of risk management. This is the reason why it has been described it as a credit tsunami. The aim here is to look at the state in which the financial market is at the moment after being hit by the 2007-2008 financial Crisis. The first part of this report introduces some key issues that have affected the confidence in the banking sector and its importance in the banking sector. The second part will provide explanations on how to restoreRead MoreHow Banks Went Broke : A Look Into The Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081696 Words   |  7 Pages Lawrence Humes 4/28/15 Mr. Donnellan Period 1 How Banks Went Broke: A Look into the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 Nobody foresaw what was about to happen to the economy. In the beginning of the 21st Century the economy was at a state of peace and unity. People were taking loans and purchasing houses that they normally couldn’t afford while these houses were increasing in value. The banks were giving out loans to the people to purchase the houses and earning money on the interest ofRead MoreThe Subprime Mortgage Crisis Of 2008 Impacted The Us1581 Words   |  7 PagesHow did the Subprime Mortgage Crisis of 2008 impacted the US According to data from the United States Census Bureau: 501 thousand new single-family houses were sold in 2015 compare to 1,051 thousand in 2006. 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This applies to me as I remember precisely how my dad was driving me back from school when he heard at the radio the collapse of Lehman Brothers, he knew that our lives and the entire economy was about to change in a way I could not even imagine. At the time I was a young middle schooler and was not capable o f understanding fully what the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was about and still today my knowledge

Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau - 888 Words

Before discussing whether or not Civil Disobedience is an appropriate weapon in a democracy, one must understand what Civil Disobedience is and how it was developed. The definition of civil disobedience is simple: the refusal to obey laws as a way of forcing the government to do or change something. The man who developed the undertones of Civil Disobedience was Henry David Thoreau. Several key figures looked to his famous paper, The Duty of Civil Disobedience, for inspiration. In a Democracy, Civil Disobedience is not an appropriate weapon in the fight for justice. Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts to John Thoreau and Cynthia Dunbar. Thoreau studied at Harvard College and took various courses†¦show more content†¦He also says that if one disagrees with the law, they should remove themselves and get as far away as they can. In his essay, he states that he does not think that any reform in the government is possible. He continues by sayin g that petitioning and voting do not do anything for the common people. Henry David Thoreau uses his experiences in jail to effectively prove his points. In my opinion, in a democracy, Civil Disobedience is not an appropriate weapon in the fight for justice. By definition a democracy is an organization or situation in which everyone is treated equally and has equal rights, appropriate is â€Å"to take or use (something) especially in a way that is illegal, unfair, etc.†, weapon is â€Å"something (such as a skill, idea, or tool) that is used to win a contest or achieve something†, justice is â€Å"the process or result of using laws to fairly judge and punish crimes and criminals†, and Civil Disobedience is â€Å"the refusal to obey laws as a way of forcing the government to do or change something†. By these definitions, it is never appropriate to use Civil Disobedience to get justice. In a true democracy, if there ever was a problem or something one did not agree with, one could bring it up to a leader and they would have to acknowledge the problem. They would have to do this due to the fact that everyone has equal right in a true democracy. Everyone would have to vote, and getShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau975 Words   |  4 Pages Henry David Thoreau was a very influential writer in the 1800s and still is today. Thoreau was one of America’s â€Å"greats† when it came to early American literature. Henry David Thoreau wrote one of the most influential essays entitled Civil Disobedience. This essay was Thoreau’s political statement, it outlined his views on non violent resistance. Civil Disobedience was written during the Mexican War. The Mexican War was a conflict between Mexico and America that was caused by a dispute over theRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Civil Disobedience1455 Words   |  6 PagesHenry David Thoreau was an American philosopher known for his interest in politi cs; specifically raising awareness about the injustice committed by the American government. He’s the author of prominent works like Civil Disobedience and Slavery in Massachusetts, which set the setting for the United States at the time. Both of these works follow a common theme of perseverance through difficult times and the role of the self when choosing right from wrong. Thus, he was deeply engaged in the idea ofRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau969 Words   |  4 Pages Transcendentalism is an idea that expresses the individuality of a person and his differing beliefs from the current societal opinions. This idea had a few articles written about it such as â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau which in summary states that if you don’t agree with the society’s opinion, you should form your own and fight for it. Another writing about it is â€Å"Self Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson which also basically states that you should follow your heart and not conform toRead MoreHenry David Thoreau : Civil Disobedience933 Words   |  4 Pagesa quote from Henry David Thoreau from his well-known book called Civil Disobedience (Baym, Levine ,2012). His famous book was written after he was jailed for a night for refusing to pay a tax. However, the following day his relatives paid the tax without his knowledge and this inspired his book Civil Disobedience. Though Henry David Thoreau is also known for being a poet, practical philosopher and his two-year project at Walden pond near Concord, Massachusetts (â€Å"Henry David Thoreau,† 2014). His projectRead MoreCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau1260 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Disobedience was written by Henry David Thoreau. The Letter From A Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King Jr. They both had similarities and differences. There were injustices that were done wrong to each of them by others in the society in which they both lived. The injustices and civil disobedience they incurred should never happen to anyone. Henry David Thoreau spoke in an emotional tone in his essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† The emotional part of his essay of Civil DisobedienceRead MoreCivil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau1650 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness? In his 1849 essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† American writer Henry David Thoreau explained he had refused to pay his poll tax to the U.S. government for six years because he opposed the U.S. engaged in war with Mexico. This kind of â€Å"civil disobedience,† Thoreau (1849) said, is crucial because â€Å"a minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then†. In fact, he said, â€Å"It costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the State than it wouldRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1384 Words   |  6 Pagesis also known as civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the most efficient form of protest in a society. In all societies both modern day and past, there has been some sort of government. In history many of these governments have abused their power and have become too powerful. In these cases it was the right of the people to protest. All past societies have agreed the less power a government has the better. In an essay Civil Disobedience, written by Henry David Thoreau the text states â€Å"ThatRead MoreCivil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau771 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was a philosopher and writer who is well known for his criticism of the American government during the time. During Thoreau’s life, there were two major issues being debated in the United States: slavery and the Mexican-American War. Both issues greatly influenced his essay, as he actually practiced civil disobedience in his own life by refusing to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican War. He states that the government should be based on conscience and that citizensRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience933 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, he is writing to the American people. He is trying to spark a desire for change, for people to oppose their government without actions. He uses this work to criticize the American institution of slavery as well as the Mexican-American War. Thoreau is attempting to convey the importance of listening to one’s conscience over the laws, believing that it is more important to do what they feel is right rather than listen to the laws given by the majority. ThoreauRead MoreCivil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau was a means of educating people on why they should not settle for a less than perfect government. Thoreau’s work is a reminder that it is our duty to throw off an unsatisfactory government, as stated by Thomas Jefferson in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence.† Civil Disobedience touches on the subject of why people choose to do nothing about a government they are unhappy with. People fear the consequences they might suffer if they do interfere with the

Scott Russell Sanders Stand on Mobilization Free Essays

Scott Russell Sanders, author of Staying Put: Making a Home in a Restless World, believes that inhabiting places permanently benefits our society and community as a whole. In response to Salman Rushdie’s essay about the advantage of migrating, Sanders uses historical reference, and sarcasm to develop his perspective about moving. Firstly, not only does Sanders integrates historical reference into his writing to give the reader background, but also to show examples of times in history when moving worsened a region. We will write a custom essay sample on Scott Russell Sanders Stand on Mobilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now He also includes the Spanish, New World, and American history to show that moving did not only destroy one specific place, but all. Claiming that â€Å"The Spaniards devastated Central and South America by imposing on this new world of the old,† Sanders speaks his opinion on nomadism using historical background. Disturbed by the mass number of people who migrate, Sanders argues that one not only hurts his or her self by moving, but also upsets the setting and environment around them.Including â€Å"The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s,† in his article, â€Å"which was caused not by drought but by the transfer into the Great Plains,† Sanders uses specific dates to further support his opinion. This also justifies his point by proving that because the people decided to relocate, they brought disaster upon themselves. This strategy of incorporating historical reference into the article provides the reader with proof and support on Sander’s opinion of migration. Scott Sanders also incorporates another strategy into his writing to help develop his view on migration: Sarcasm.Ashamed by American’s desire to move, Sanders calls them â€Å"The nation of restless movers,† mocking that â€Å"Sailors, explorers, cowboys†¦,†all travelers depicted their first h eroes. Furthermore, though people endlessly move from place to place, their â€Å"Promised Land† has â€Å"never been under our feet. † Also present in his writing, the idea that Americans move for the slightest reasons such as â€Å"smoke from our neighbor’s chimney†¦ the sky,† continues to scorn movers and their mindless fluctuation.Clearly one can perceive the bitter sarcasm in Sanders tone in the beginning of his article that expresses his disdain towards migration. Moreover, by incorporating historical background, sarcasm, and juxtaposition in his writing, Scott Sanders presented his negative opinion on migration. Though bitter in the beginning, Sanders changes his tone by proposing both sides of the argument using juxtaposition. These strategies effectively helped Sanders show the reader his point of view on migration in response to Salman Rushdie’s view. How to cite Scott Russell Sanders Stand on Mobilization, Papers

Tiananmen Square June 1989 Essay Example

Tiananmen Square June 1989 Paper On the 22nd of April 1989, Chinese students collected together at Tiananmen Square to pay respects to Hu Yaobang, the students saw this as an opportunity to protest for democratic reform. Little did these students know this protest would end with tragic results. Deng blamed Hu Yaobang, a member of the Deng Xiaoping communist party, when students protested for political reform. Due to this he lost his position in the government but still remained in the politburo. His death on 15th April sparked the Tiananmen movement. Sources A, F and G are from books. Source A, the background to the Tiananmen Square incident from China in the 20th Century written in 1990 by Harriet Ward, a British Historian, who, unlike some Chinese sources controlled by government, has freedom of speech. The book gives a general overview of one hundred years in China, which suggests that the information gathered, could be considered vague and facts possibly have been overlooked, which of course would reduce the sources reliability. However, the source was written one year after the incident, which suggests that the information is probably fairly reliable. We can also assume, as the source was written relatively soon after the events, that some of her knowledge was gained from newspapers and television reports at the time, and therefore can be considered fairly trustworthy. As the historian was not present at Tiananmen Square we also know that this is not first hand reporting. However, I conclude that this book must be a fairly reliable source as it specialises in China in the 20th Century, which suggests that the writer completed detailed research into the subject. This source is quite useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. We will write a custom essay sample on Tiananmen Square June 1989 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tiananmen Square June 1989 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tiananmen Square June 1989 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Source F, the events of the 4th June 1989 from the book China, A New Revolution? Written in 1990 by John Bradley, an American historian. This source gives a brief explanation of the events on June 4th. Like source A this information was written only one year after the incidents at Tiananmen Square which suggest the information is dependable for the same reasons as given for Source A. It is also written by a non-Chinese source with freedom of speech, which, as stated above, also increases the reliability of the source. This historian was also not present at the time the incident took place at Tiananmen Square so we can assume some information may be incorrect. This book deals with the revolution of China, and Tiananmen Square was a huge milestone in this regard, however these events no doubt will have slowed down the progress of the Chinese democracy movement. This source is quite useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. Source G, an extract from the book The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil was written in 1989 published in the Peoples Republic of China. This source reports that no one at Tiananmen Square was killed and gives the background to why the soldiers were sent. This source was written the year the incident happened which suggests that the information could be considered reliable, however, the source was written and published in the Peoples Republic of China, which suggests an element of government control and therefore reduces the reliability of the source. This source can be seen as biased as it only gives the governments point of view. In conclusion this source is not very useful. Source B is a table, Source B: Rising living standards in China, 1981-84 from official records at that time. This source shows us the increase of goods per hundred households in urban and rural areas. This source is reliable as the information is from records of that time, but is not particularly useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square as it was written years five years before, although it does indicate an increase in the living standards of the Chinese, particularly those in rural households, which could be seen as evidence of a growing democracy. Sources E and D are both sources from newspapers. Source E: The events of 4th June 1989 from a report in the Sunday times in 1989, a British newspaper. The reporter has freedom of speech and cannot be controlled by the government unlike some Chinese sources. This is a primary source and therefore reliable due to the fact that it is an eyewitness report by the reporter, Louise Branson, who was in Beijing at the time. The information is stark and certainly anti-Chinese government, and only gives one side of the story, which could be considered as reducing the reports reliability. This is a very useful source in showing the events that took place at Tiananmen Square. Source D: The students believe they have won from Tiananmen, The rape of Peking 1989, a book published by the British newspaper, The Independent. This source is very useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. It is reliable due to the fact that it was written the same year as the incident; this suggests that the information is correct and up to date. The Independent, has a reputation for well researched, fair, and unbiased reporting. Sources C and H are both photographs. Source H shows one man who stopped the tanks. It was a photograph taken in Tiananmen Square on the 5th June 1989. This photograph shows a brave protestor supporting the Chinese protestors by standing in the way of tanks. This source is a primary source as it is an un-edited picture of what happened on that day and cannot be misinterpreted as the photograph shows exactly what is happening. Although this source is reliable it is not clear what happened before and after this picture was taken. This source is useful in showing part of what happened at Tiananmen Square. The video footage from which the still is taken would be a more valuable source. Source C: Student leaders on the way to deliver the petition, is a photographic source showing students on bikes on the way to deliver a petition. This source is not reliable as it there is no reference given of where it is from or who took it. This photograph could be misinterpreted, as it is not clear what it represents as it does not show anything apart from people riding on bikes, also the image is not very clear and is of bad quality. This source cannot be considered reliable and does not show the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. Source I: a cartoon supporting the Chinese protestors. This cartoon is by Garland in the Independent, drawn on the 16 June 1989 only a couple weeks after the incident, which increases the sources reliability. It is a copy of a famous picture (Source H) but where the position is reversed, the leader is trying to stop the truth from being expressed. This source is reliable as it is a cartoon and can be used to explain the causes and events of Tiananmen Square, as it shows an outsiders interpretation of the tragic events. The above sources are wide ranging and all provide information in varying ways. Some sources are more useful than others. There are two overriding points of view in the sources given which contradict each other, this is because they have different original sources and their agendas are different. All the sources are interesting but only some can be considered reliable.

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology A buffer is a  solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH. In other words, a buffer is an aqueous solution of either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A buffer may also be called a pH buffer, hydrogen ion buffer, or buffer solution. Buffers are used to maintain a stable pH in a solution, as they can neutralize small quantities of additional acid of base. For a given buffer solution, there is a working pH range and a set amount of acid or base that can be neutralized before the pH will change.  The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer before changing its pH is called its buffer capacity.   The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation may be used to gauge the approximate pH of a buffer.  In order to use the equation, the initial concentration or stoichiometric concentration is entered instead of the equilibrium concentration. The general form of a buffer chemical reaction is: HA â‡Å' H   A− Examples of Buffers blood - contains a bicarbonate buffer systemTRIS bufferphosphate buffer As stated, buffers are useful over specific pH ranges. For example, here is the pH range of common buffering agents: Buffer pKa pH range citric acid 3.13., 4.76, 6.40 2.1 to 7.4 acetic acid 4.8 3.8 to 5.8 KH2PO4 7.2 6.2 to 8.2 borate 9.24 8.25 to 10.25 CHES 9.3 8.3 to 10.3 When a buffer solution is prepared, the pH of the solution is adjusted to get it within the correct effective range. Typically a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to lower the pH of acidic buffers. A strong base, such as sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), is added to raise the pH of alkaline buffers. How Buffers Work In order to understand how a buffer works, consider the example of a buffer solution made by dissolving sodium acetate into acetic acid. Acetic acid is (as you can tell from the name) an acid: CH3COOH, while the sodium acetate dissociates in solution to yield the conjugate base, acetate ions of CH3COO-. The equation for the reaction is: CH3COOH(aq) OH-(aq) ⇆ CH3COO-(aq) H2O(aq) If a strong acid is added to this solution, the acetate ion neutralizes it: CH3COO-(aq) H(aq) ⇆ CH3COOH(aq) This shifts the equilibrium of the initial buffer reaction, keeping the pH stable. A strong base, on the other hand, would react with the acetic acid. Universal Buffers Most buffers work over a relative narrow pH range. An exception is citric acid because it has three pKa values. When a compound has multiple pKa values, a larger pH range becomes available for a buffer. Its also possible to combine buffers, providing their pKa values are close (differing by 2 or less), and adjusting the pH with strong base or acid to reach the required range. For example, McIvaines buffer is prepared by combining mixtures of Na2PO4 and citric acid. Depending on the ratio between the compounds, the buffer may be effective from pH 3.0 to 8.0. A mixture of citric acid, boric acid, monopotassium phosphate, and diethyl barbituic acid can cover the pH range from 2.6 to 12! Buffer Key Takeaways A buffer is an aqueous solution used to keep the pH of a solution nearly constant.A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH of a buffer changes.An example of a buffer solution is bicarbonate in blood, which maintains the bodys internal pH. Sources Butler, J. N. (1964).  Ionic Equilibrium: A Mathematical Approach. Addison-Wesley. p.  151.Carmody, Walter R. (1961). Easily prepared wide range buffer series. J. Chem. Educ. 38 (11): 559–560. doi:10.1021/ed038p559Hulanicki, A. (1987). Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry. Translated by Masson, Mary R. Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-330-6.Mendham, J.; Denny, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. (2000). Appendix 5. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-22628-7.Scorpio, R. (2000). Fundamentals of Acids, Bases, Buffers Their Application to Biochemical Systems. ISBN 0-7872-7374-0.

New York State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

New York State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the New York State Outline Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the following questions on lined paper in complete sentences. State Capital What is the capital?Virtual Tour of the State CapitolState Flag What is Justice holding and what do they represent?Flag Quiz/PrintoutState Flower When was the state flower officially adopted?State Fruit When was the state fruit adopted?State Bird When do these birds return north?State Animal What is the state animal?State Fish Where are these fish found?State Insect How does this insect help gardeners?State Fossil What crab is this fossil related to?State Shell How do these scallops swim?State Tree When was the state tree adopted?State Gem What color is this gem?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Seal When was the current seal created?State Motto What is the state motto and what does it mean?State Muffin Make this state muffin and enjoy with the state beverage!State Beverage What is the state beverage? New York Printable Pages - Learn more about New York with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Fun in the Kitchen - The official muffin of New York State, the Apple Muffin, was created by elementary school children in North Syracuse, New York. Try their official recipe. Presidents born in New York: Theodore RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt History - Learn about the history of New York. Big Apple Factoids - A New York Matching Game - be sure to read the facts after you find the match! New York Underground - New Yorkers go about unaware of what is happening just beneath their feet: Power pulses, information flies, and steam flows. Go on this virtual field trip underground! Niagara: The Story of the Falls - Take a journey down the perilous Niagara River, play the daredevil trivia adventure, explore the timeline of falls firsts, and discover surprising stories in snapshots of the falls. Empire State Building - Find fun facts, go on a photo tour, and play some games. The Chrysler Building - Pictures of this New York City skyscraper. Word Search - Find the hidden New York related words. Coloring Book - Print and color these pictures of the New York state symbols. Fun Facts - What is the states longest river? Read these fun New York facts and find out. Capitol Minutes - Short audio presentation of historical and educational interest. Buck Mountain - Take a virtual hike up Buck Mountain. Crossword Puzzle - Can you solve the crossword puzzle? Word Find - Find the hidden New York State Regions. Word Scramble - Can you unscramble these New York State symbols? Odd New York Law: It used to be illegal to ring the doorbell and disturb the occupant of a house.

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

INDIVIDUAL 4 - Assignment Example ly with the source or directly with the customer as opposed to prior models of integration that focused almost exclusively on middle men and the roles of corporate meet and greets with the representative shareholders within the process. In much the same way, things similar to webinars have the capacity to drastically reshape the landscape of traditional sales channels. Although this may seem as a bit of a bold statement, the fact of the matter is that something like a webinar is exponentially cheaper than flying company representatives to a given location, catering a meal, and providing hotel accommodations for the shareholders while there (LaGarde & Whitehead 4). As a function of this factor, along with many others that have not been mentioned, the company, firm, or organization is able to integrate with a far higher level of potential clientele and at a far cheaper rate. This necessarily compounds the percentage likelihood that the firm’s endeavors will result in an overall increase in the bottom line; thereby benefiting the profitability and the business model of the firm in

Refugee protection in International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refugee protection in International Law - Essay Example The essays together give a broad overview of the dimensions of refugee protection, especially setting out to what extent and how refugee protection is at present grounded in international law. It also points out the paradox that despite an emerging ‘theory of race’ that stipulates that race is not biological, in order to achieve protection, membership of a certain group, and thus race, has once again to be established – often based on biological criteria.The publication will be particularly helpful because of the breadth of its cover and also due to the legal aspects that are covered. When looking at the question of refugees, it is often unclear what means are legally open to people who are fleeing their country and how effective these avenues may be. There is often evidence that refugee-seekers are not following established pathways, with blame often attached to these people as ‘not genuine’ or as ‘queue-jumpers’.... The Editor in Chief is Professor Edward Craig and the source has become an essential research tool for university faculties and students alike. The definition sought from this source was that of ‘theory of race’, for which an entry by Michael Banton was available. In his article, he argues that race is not pure , as stipulated by Cuvier, nor does it develop over time, as Darwin suggested. Both these views mark racial discrimination as an integral part of race. Banton argues instead that racial discrimination is ‘learned’ and that race does not constitute ‘genetic or social’ difference and that there is no biological evidence that such a distinction exists in nature. For his summation, he draws on the findings of scientists as well as social scientists, including Freud, Linden, Martin and Jupp). At the outset of research into ‘races’ it is vital to understand what is meant by this term, as the word ‘race’ has been and st ill is used in a multitude of ways and understanding (including my own) has been quite ambiguous. It is startling to find to what extent we are taking for grated that ‘race’ is a fact and to what degree the ‘certainty’ of belonging to a race pervades communication. Refocusing this issue is therefore of paramount importance before writing about it. From this new perspective, it is possible to approach the task of ‘races and refugees’ with a deeper understanding of the problems of identification that exist in the home countries of those who flee. Suhrke, Astri. â€Å"Human security and the protection of refugees†, in Edward Newman and Joanne van Selm (eds.), Refugees and Forced Displacement: International

William Faulkner, the Ambitious Writer :: Biography Biographies Essays

William Faulkner, the Ambitious Writer From early as the slave days in the southern states, males have shown an ambitious desire not only to make a living for them but also to gain their riches from the hardwork of others. For thousands of years southern males dominated over individuals who they deemed were animals stripping them of all their human rights to provide themselves with a better life. This ambitious desire to provide shelter, food, and clothing for their family and themselves led to the ultimate destruction of another race. While viewing the film â€Å"Faulkner† I saw Faulkner ambitious nature prominently in his career goal. After struggling like many Americans to make a living and support himself Faulkner tries unsuccessfully at first to become a well renowned writer. Although Faulkner dream to become a writer took many years to become finalized he remained determined to succeed. For example, as a beginner writer Faulkner discovered that he lacked a particular writing style that would set his literatur e apart from his other colleagues. So he began studying all types of literature written by other authors to discover his own voice. Another way in which Faulkner tried to discover untapped literary ideas was to observe the everyday actions of others and notice within their interactions with others a story line that could possibly capture the attention of readers. After writing for many years Faulkner tried to seek the publication of his very first novel â€Å"Sanctuary†. The novel â€Å" Sanctuary† proved not to be very interesting to publishers who read the novel since it mainly reflected the ideas and writing styles of prominently famous authors whose works of literature were widely read throughout the world. But Faulkner never gave up as he continued to write and receive rejection letters by publishers. Although rejection seemed to be the fuel that pushed Faulkner to not only give up on his dream but to become more creative and focus on the background information he was familiar with. Shortly after Faulkner did succeed in getting his literature published he reunited with his one and only true love and married her. Upon marrying Faulkner came to the realization that he lacked the financial income to support his family and his desire for his literature to be published increased tenfold. In his efforts to become a more recognized and well-known writer such as Hemmingway Faulkner began to travel to other countries.

Frankenstein Summary Essay

Frankenstein opens with a preface, signed by Mary Shelley but commonly supposed to have been written by her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. It states that the novel was begun during a summer vacation in the Swiss Alps, when unseasonably rainy weather and nights spent reading German ghost stories inspired the author and her literary companions to engage in a ghost story writing contest, of which this work is the only completed product. Summary: Letter 1 The novel itself begins with a series of letters from the explorer Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville. Walton, a well-to-do Englishman with a passion for seafaring, is the captain of a ship headed on a dangerous voyage to the North Pole. In the first letter, he tells his sister of the preparations leading up to his departure and of the desire burning in him to accomplish â€Å"some great purpose†Ã¢â‚¬â€discovering a northern passage to the Pacific, revealing the source of the Earth’s magnetism, or simply setting foot on undiscovered territory. Summary: Letters 2–3 In the second letter, Walton bemoans his lack of friends. He feels lonely and isolated, too sophisticated to find comfort in his shipmates and too uneducated to find a sensitive soul with whom to share his dreams. In the brief third letter, Walton tells his sister that his ship has set sail and that he has full confidence that he will achieve his aim. Summary: Letter 4 In the fourth letter, the ship stalls between huge sheets of ice, and Walton and his men spot a sledge guided by a gigantic creature about half a mile away. The next morning, they encounter another sledge stranded on an ice floe. All but one of the dogs drawing the sledge is dead, and the man on the sledge—not the man seen the night before—is emaciated, weak, and starving. Despite his condition, the man refuses to board the ship until Walton tells him that it is heading north. The stranger spends two days recovering, nursed by the crew, before he can speak. The crew is burning with curiosity, but Walton, aware of the man’s still-fragile state, prevents his men from burdening the stranger with questions. As time passes, Walton and the stranger become friends, and the stranger eventually consents to tell Walton his story. At the end of the fourth letter, Walton states that the visitor will commence his narrative the next day; Walton’s framing narrative ends and the stranger’s begins. Summary: Chapter 1 The stranger, who the reader soon learns is Victor Frankenstein, begins his narration. He starts with his family background, birth, and early childhood, telling Walton about his father, Alphonse, and his mother, Caroline. Alphonse became Caroline’s protector when her father died in poverty. They married two years later, and Victor was born soon after. Frankenstein then describes how his childhood companion, Elizabeth Lavenza, entered his family. Elizabeth was discovered by his mother, Caroline, on a trip to Italy, when Victor is about five years old. While visiting a poor Italian family, Caroline notices a beautiful blonde girl among the dark-haired Italian children; upon discovering that Elizabeth is the orphaned daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman and that the Italian family can barely afford to feed her, Caroline adopts Elizabeth and brings her back to Geneva. Victor’s mother decides at the moment of the adoption that Elizabeth and Victor should someda y marry. Summary: Chapter 2 Elizabeth and Victor grow up together as best friends. Victor’s friendship with Henry Clerval, a schoolmate and only child, flourishes as well, and he spends his childhood happily surrounded by this close domestic circle. As a teenager, Victor becomes increasingly fascinated by the mysteries of the natural world. He chances upon a book by Cornelius Agrippa, a sixteenth-century scholar of the occult sciences, and becomes interested in natural philosophy. He studies the outdated findings of the alchemists Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus with enthusiasm. He witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. A modern natural philosopher accompanying the Frankenstein family explains to Victor the workings of electricity, making the ideas of the alchemists seem outdated and worthless. Summary: Chapter 3 At the age of seventeen, Victor leaves his family in Geneva to attend the university at Ingolstadt. Just before Victor departs, his mother catches scarlet fever from Elizabeth, whom she has been nursing back to health, and dies. On her deathbed, she begs Elizabeth and Victor to marry. Several weeks later, still grieving, Victor goes off to Ingolstadt. Arriving at the university, he finds quarters in the town and sets up a meeting with a professor of natural philosophy, M. Krempe. Krempe tells Victor that all the time that Victor has spent studying the alchemists has been wasted, further souring Victor on the study of natural philosophy. He then attends a lecture in chemistry by a professor named Waldman. This lecture, along with a subsequent meeting with the professor, convinces Victor to pursue his studies in the sciences. Analysis: Preface and Letters 1–4 The preface to Frankenstein sets up the novel as entertainment, but with a serious twist—a science fiction that nonetheless captures â€Å"the truth of the elementary principles of human nature.† The works of Homer, Shakespeare, and Milton are held up as shining examples of the kind of work Frankenstein aspires to be. Incidentally, the reference to â€Å"Dr. Darwin† in the first sentence is not to the famous evolutionist Charles Darwin, who was seven years old at the time the novel was written, but to his grandfather, the biologist Erasmus Darwin. In addition to setting the scene for the telling of the stranger’s narrative, Walton’s letters introduce an important character—Walton himself—whose story parallels Frankenstein’s. The second letter introduces the idea of loss and loneliness, as Walton complains that he has no friends with whom to share his triumphs and failures, no sensitive ear to listen to his dreams and ambitions. Walton turns to the stranger as the friend he has always wanted; his search for companionship, and his attempt to find it in the stranger, parallels the monster’s desire for a friend and mate later in the novel. This parallel between man and monster, still hidden in these early letters but increasingly clear as the novel progresses, suggests that the two may not be as different as they seem. Another theme that Walton’s letters introduce is the danger of knowledge. The stranger tells Walton, â€Å"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been.† The theme of destructive knowledge is developed throughout the novel as the tragic consequences of the stranger’s obsessive search for understanding are revealed. Walton, like the stranger, is entranced by the opportunity to know what no one else knows, to delve into nature’s secrets: â€Å"What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?† he asks. Walton’s is only the first of many voices in Frankenstein. His letters set up a frame narrative that encloses the main narrative—the stranger’s—and provides the context in which it is told. Nested within the stranger’s narrative are even more voices. The use of multiple frame narratives calls attention to the telling of the story, adding new layers of complexity to the already intricate relationship between author and reader: as the reader listens to Victor’s story, so does Walton; as Walton listens, so does his sister. By focusing the reader’s attention on narration, on the importance of the storyteller and his or her audience, Shelley may have been trying to link her novel to the oral tradition to which the ghost stories that inspired her tale belong. Within each framed narrative, the reader receives constant reminders of the presence of other authors and audiences, and of perspective shifts, as Victor breaks out of his narrative to address Walton directly and as Walton signs off each of his letters to his sister. Analysis: Chapters 1–2 The picture that Victor draws of his childhood is an idyllic one. Though loss abounds—the poverty of Beaufort and the orphaning of Elizabeth, for instance—it is always quickly alleviated by the presence of a close, loving family. Nonetheless, the reader senses, even in these early passages, that the stability and comfort of family are about to be exploded. Shining through Victor’s narration of a joyful childhood and an eccentric adolescence is a glimmer of the great tragedy that will soon overtake him. Women in Frankenstein fit into few roles: the loving, sacrificial mother; the innocent, sensitive child; and the concerned, confused, abandoned lover. Throughout the novel, they are universally passive, rising only at the most extreme moments to demand action from the men around them. The language Victor uses to describe the relationship between his mother and father supports this image of women’s passivity: in reference to his mother, he says that his fathe r â€Å"came as a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who committed herself to his care.† Elizabeth, Justine Moritz, and Caroline Beaufort all fit into this mold of the passive woman.Various metanarrative comments (i.e., remarks that pertain not to the content of the narrative but rather to the telling of the narrative) remind the reader of the fact that Victor’s narrative is contained within Walton’s. Victor interrupts his story to relate how Elizabeth became a part of his family, prefacing the digression with the comment, â€Å"But before I continue my narrative, I must record an incident.† Such guiding statements structure Victor’s narrative and remind the reader that Victor is telling his story to a specific audience—Walton. Foreshadowing is ubiquitous in these chapters and, in fact, throughout the novel. Even Walton’s letters prepare the way for the tragic events that Victor will recount. Victor constantly alludes to his imminent doom; for example, he calls his interest in natural philosophy â€Å"the genius that has regulated my fate† and â€Å"the fatal impulse that led to my ruin.† Victor’s narrative is rife with nostalgia for a happier time; he dwells on the fuzzy memories of his blissful childhood with Elizabeth, his father and mother, and Henry Clerval. But even in the midst of these tranquil childhood recollections, he cannot ignore the signs of the tragedy that lies in his imminent future; he sees that each event, such as the death of his mother, is nothing but â€Å"an omen, as it were, of [his] future misery.† This heavy use of foreshadowing has a dual effect. On the one hand, it adds to the suspense of the novel, leaving the reader wondering about the nature of the awful tragedy that has caused Victor so much grief. On the other hand, it drains away some of the suspense—the reader knows far ahead of time that Victor has no hope, that all is doomed. Words like â€Å"fate,† â€Å"fatal,† and â€Å"omen† reinforce the inevitability of Victor’s tragedy, suggesting not only a sense of resignation but also, perhaps, an attempt by Victor to deny responsibility for his own misfortune. Describing his decision to study chemistry, he says, â€Å"Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny.† Summary: Chapter 4 Victor attacks his studies with enthusiasm and, ignoring his social life and his family far away in Geneva, makes rapid progress. Fascinated by the mystery of the creation of life, he begins to study how the human body is built (anatomy) and how it falls apart (death and decay). After several years of tireless work, he masters all that his professors have to teach him, and he goes one step further: discovering the secret of life. Privately, hidden away in his apartment where no one can see him work, he decides to begin the construction of an animate creature, envisioning the creation of a new race of wonderful beings. Zealously devoting himself to this labor, he neglects everything else—family, friends, studies, and social life—and grows increasingly pale, lonely, and obsessed. Summary: Chapter 5 One stormy night, after months of labor, Victor completes his creation. But when he brings it to life, its awful appearance horrifies him. He rushes to the next room and tries to sleep, but he is troubled by nightmares about Elizabeth and his mother’s corpse. He wakes to discover the monster looming over his bed with a grotesque smile and rushes out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard. The next morning, he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt, frantically avoiding a return to his now-haunted apartment. As he walks by the town inn, Victor comes across his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Delighted to see Henry—a breath of fresh air and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health—he brings him back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months of work and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness. Analysis: Chapters 3–5 Whereas the first two chapters give the reader a mere sense of impending doom, these chapters depict Victor irrevocably on the way to tragedy. The creation of the monster is a grotesque act, far removed from the triumph of scientific knowledge for which Victor had hoped. His nightmares reflect his horror at what he has done and also serve to foreshadow future events in the novel. The images of Elizabeth â€Å"livid with the hue of death† prepare the reader for Elizabeth’s eventual death and connect it, however indirectly, to the creation of the monster. Victor’s pursuit of scientific knowledge reveals a great deal about his perceptions of science in general. He views science as the only true route to new knowledge: â€Å"In other studies you go as far as others have gone before you, and there is nothing more to know; but in scientific pursuit there is continual food for discovery and wonder.† Walton’s journey to the North Pole is likewise a search f or â€Å"food for discovery and wonder,† a step into the tantalizing, dark unknown. The symbol of light, introduced in Walton’s first letter (â€Å"What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?†), appears again in Victor’s narrative, this time in a scientific context. â€Å"From the midst of this darkness,† Victor says when describing his discovery of the secret of life, â€Å"a sudden light broke in upon me—a light so brilliant and wondrous.† Light reveals, illuminates, clarifies; it is essential for seeing, and seeing is the way to knowledge. Just as light can illuminate, however, so can it blind; pleasantly warm at moderate levels, it ignites dangerous flames at higher ones. Immediately after his first metaphorical use of light as a symbol of knowledge, Victor retreats into secrecy and warns Walton of â€Å"how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge.† Thus, light is balanced always by fire, the promise of new discovery by the danger of unpredictable—and perhaps tragic—consequences. The theme of secrecy manifests itself in these chapters, as Victor’s studies draw him farther and farther away from those who love and advise him. He conducts his experiments alone, following the example of the ancient alchemists, who jealously guarded their secrets, and rejecting the openness of the new sciences. Victor displays an unhealthy obsession with all of his endeavors, and the labor of creating the monster takes its toll on him. It drags him into charnel houses in search of old body parts and, even more important, isolates him from the world of open social institutions. Though Henry’s presence makes Victor become conscious of his gradual loss of touch with humanity, Victor is nonetheless unwilling to tell Henry anything about the monster. The theme of secrecy transforms itself, now linked to Victor’s shame an d regret for having ever hoped to create a new life. Victor’s reaction to his creation initiates a haunting theme that persists throughout the novel—the sense that the monster is inescapable, ever present, liable to appear at any moment and wreak havoc. When Victor arrives at his apartment with Henry, he opens the door â€Å"as children are accustomed to do when they expect a specter to stand in waiting for them on the other side,† a seeming echo of the tension-filled German ghost stories read by Mary Shelley and her vacationing companions. As in the first three chapters, Victor repeatedly addresses Walton, his immediate audience, reminding the reader of the frame narrative and of the multiple layers of storytellers and listeners. Structuring comments such as â€Å"I fear, my friend, that I shall render myself tedious by dwelling on these preliminary circumstances† both remind the reader of the target audience (Walton) and help indicate the relative importance of each passage. Shelley employs other literary devices from time to time, including apostrophe, in which the speaker addresses an inanimate object, absent person, or abstract idea. Victor occasionally addresses some of the figures from his past as if they were with him on board Walton’s ship. â€Å"Excellent friend!† he exclaims, referring to Henry. â€Å"How sincerely did you love me, and endeavor to elevate my mind, until it was on a level with your own.† Apostrophe was a favorite of Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, who used it often in his poetry; its occurrence here might reflect some degree of Percy’s influence on Mary’s writing.

Birth Control An Effective Means Of Preventing Pregnancy

Introduction Birth control is becoming a very controversial topic in today’s society. Although some forms of birth control have been around for thousands of years, those that are most familiar to us have been practiced since the late 1950’s. People’s views and beliefs on birth control have changed dramatically. According to the Birth control pill facts sheet, â€Å"About five women out of the one hundred using this method for one year will get pregnant† (2014, p. 4). This illustrates that although birth control is an effective means of preventing pregnancy, it is not 100% effective. In this paper I will discuss the different types of birth control and statistics related to birth control. I will also discuss different positive and negative impacts that birth control can have on women. Past and present views and recent laws on birth control will also be covered in this paper. Description of the Topic I Chose Current birth control methods have been around for 50 plus years and during this time frame, the different types of birth control have evolved and changed. In the article written by George T. Krucik (2013), he lists â€Å"12 of the most popular birth control methods, which includes: Hormonal Intrauterine Device (IUD), Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD), the Implant, the Shot, the Pill, Contraceptive Vaginal Ring, Contraceptive Patch, Morning-After Pill, Diaphragm, Male Condom, Female Condom, and lastly the Contraceptive sponge† (p. 1-7). Both the Hormonal Intrauterine Device andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Birth Control1288 Words   |  6 Pagesteens can receive birth control. For many parents, this term conjures up images of teenage sex or pregnancy, which can cause them to ignore its other uses. However, birth control is a broad and misrepresented topic. 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However, of those teenage women who do face the burden of an unforeseen pregnancy, many come to realize how simple preventative measures could have saved them from having to deal with the social, financial, and psychological difficulties cau sed by an